Proportional liability : analytical and comparative perspectives / Israel Gilead, Michael D. Green, Bernhard A. Koch (eds) ; with contributions by Bjarte Askeland [and 22 others].

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Print version record.

General Report: Causal Uncertainty and Proportional Liability: Analytical and Comparative Report; I. Introduction; 1. Meaning and Definition of Proportional Liability in the Project; 2. Causal Proportional Liability Contrasted with Proportional Liability Among Multiple Tortfeasors Based on Contributory (Comparative) Negligence; 3. The Aim of This Project; 4. Structure; II. Categories of Proportional Liability; 1. Why Categorize?; 2. Category A -- Uncertain Causes of Past Harm; A. Sub-category A1 -- 'alternative liability' -- indeterminate tortfeasors.

B. Sub-category A2 -- 'market-share liability' -- causally unrelated tortfeasors and victimsC. Sub-category A3 -- 'pollution or drug cases' -- indeterminate victims; D. Sub-category A4 -- 'The hard case'; E. Sub-category A5 -- 'lost chances'; 3. Category B -- Indeterminate Parts of Harm; A. Sub-category B1 -- all parts of P's harm were caused by liable Ds; B. Sub-category B2 -- some parts of P's harm were caused by other factors; 4. Category C -- Unrealized Risks with Potential for Future Harms; 5. Category D -- 'Combination Cases'; III. Policy Considerations; IV. Burden and Standard of Proof.

v. Category A -- Uncertain Causes of Past Harm1. Sub-category A1 -- 'Alternative Liability' -- Indeterminate Tortfeasor; A. Analysis; B. A1 cases in comparison; 2. Sub-category A2 -- 'Market-share Liability' -- Causally Unrelated Tortfeasors and Victims; A. Analysis; B. A2 cases in comparison; 3. Sub-category A3 -- 'Pollution or Drug Cases' -- Indeterminate Victims; A. Analysis; B. A3 cases in comparison; 4. Sub-category A4 -- 'The Hard Case'; A. Analysis; B. A4 cases in comparison; 5. Sub-category A5 -- The 'Lost Chance' Doctrine; A. Analysis; B. A5 cases in comparison.

VI. Category B -- Indeterminate Parts of Harm1. Sub-category B1 -- Indeterminate Parts of Harm Caused by Tortious Actors; A. Analysis; B. B1 cases in comparison; 2. Sub-category B2 -- Indeterminate Parts of Harm Caused by Non-tortious Factors; A. Analysis; B. B2 cases in comparison; VII. Category C -- Risks of Future Harm; 1. Sub-category C1 -- Future Harm Uncertain Entirely; A. Analysis; B. C1 cases in comparison; 2. Sub-Category C2 -- Extent of Future Harm Uncertain; A. Analysis; B. C2 cases in comparison; VIII. Category D -- 'Combination Cases'; 1. On the meaning of combination cases.

2. How to cope with 'combination cases'IX. Summary and Conclusions; 1. How to Approach CPL Issues?; 2. The Relevant Factual Effects of CPL; 3. Normative Considerations; 4. On the Cautious Monitored Development of CPL; 5. On the Comparative Landscape; 6. On Future Developments; Categories of Proportional Liability; Category A -- Uncertain Causes of Past Harm; Sub-category A1 -- 'Alternative Liability' -- Indeterminate Tortfeasor; Sub-category A2 -- 'Market-share Liability' -- Causally Unrelated Tortfeasors and Victims; Sub-category A3 -- 'Pollution or Drug Cases' -- Indeterminate Victims.

Sub-category A4 -- 'The Hard Case'

Courts have, traditionally, required the plaintiff to prove to the requisite standard of proof that causation exists. This monograph addresses what has, to date, been a modest reform toward permitting recovery based on a probability that causation exists, discounting the damages awarded by the probability of causation. The central purpose of our inquiry is to employ a comparative methodology to better understand how different legal systems respond to causal uncertainty and to examine why, how and in what situations rules of proportional liability can promote the goals of tort law.

In English.

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