Handbook of ferroalloys : theory and technology / edited by Michael Gasik.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Online resource; title from pdf information screen (Ebsco, viewed May 31, 2013).

This handbook gathers, reviews and concisely presents the core principles and varied technology involved in processing ferroalloys. Background content in thermodynamics, kinetics, heat and mass transfer is accompanied by an overview of electrical furnaces theory and practice as well as sustainability issues. The work includes detailed coverage of the major technologies of ferrosilicon, ferronickel, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese and lesser known minor ferroalloys. Distilling the results of many years' experience in ferroalloys, Michael Gasik has assembled contributions from the worlds' foremost experts. The work is therefore a unique source for scientists, engineers and university students, exploring in depth an area which is one of the most versatile and increasingly used fields within modern metallurgy. All-in-one source for the major ferroalloys and their metallurgical processing technologies, cutting research time otherwise spent digging through old handbooks or review articles. In-depth discussion of the C, Si, Al-reduction, groups II-VIII of the periodic table, supporting analysis of metallurgical processing. Contemporary coverage includes environment and energy saving issues.

1.1\x Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction to Ferroalloys / Michael M. Gasik -- 1.2. The Scope and Structure of the Book / Michael M. Gasik -- Acknowledgments / Michael M. Gasik -- References / Michael M. Gasik -- 2. Basics of Ferroalloys / Michael M. Gasik -- 2.1. Introduction: Background for Ferroalloys Development and Production / Lauri Holappa -- 2.2. Ferroalloys in the Development of Steels / Lauri Holappa -- 2.3.A Case: Ferroalloys for Stainless Steels / Lauri Holappa -- 2.4. Recent Ferroalloys Production and Markets Development / Lauri Holappa -- 2.5. Energy and Emissions Issues of the Ferroalloys Industry / Lauri Holappa -- 2.5.1. Energy Demand for Ferroalloys Making / Lauri Holappa -- 2.5.2. CO2 Emissions from Ferroalloys Production / Lauri Holappa -- 2.6. Future Outlook for the Ferroalloys Industry / Lauri Holappa -- References / Lauri Holappa -- 3. Theory of Ferroalloys Processing / Lauri Holappa -- 3.1. General Theory of the Processes of Ferroalloys Production / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.1. Introduction to Ferroalloys and their Processing / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.2. Processes in Materials Production / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.3. Thermodynamics of Pyrometallurgical (High-Temperature Chemical) Processes / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.4. Kinetics of Pyrometallurgical Processes / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.5. Basics of Heat Transfer in Ferroalloys Processing / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.1.6. Basics of Mass and Momentum Transfer in Ferroalloys Processing / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.2. Ferroalloys Components and Their Properties / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.2.1. Metallic Melts / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.2.2. Oxide Melts (Slags and Fluxes) / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 3.2.3. Carbon Reductants for Ferroalloys Processing / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- References / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 4. Ferroalloys Processing Equipment / Heikki Jalkanen / Michael Gasik -- 4.1. Introduction to Ferroalloys Processing Technology / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.1. Ferroalloys Basic Furnace Design and Operation / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.2. Ferrochrome, Ferrosilicon, Ferromanganese, and Silicomanganese Furnaces / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.3. Silicon Metal Furnaces / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.4. Ferronickel Furnaces / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.5. DC Furnaces / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.6. Electrical Supply and Operation / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.7. Furnace Linings / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.8. Furnace Principal Operating Stages / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.9. Furnace Control / Isobel McDougall -- 4.1.10. Processing Hazards and Risk Management / Isobel McDougall -- 4.2. Equipment for Furnace Feed Processing / Isobel McDougall -- 4.2.1. Agglomeration / Isobel McDougall -- 4.2.2. Sintering of Manganese Ore / Isobel McDougall -- 4.2.3. Preheating / Isobel McDougall -- 4.2.4. Prereduction / Isobel McDougall -- 4.3. Downstream Processing / Isobel McDougall -- 4.3.1. Refining / Isobel McDougall -- 4.3.2. Casting / Isobel McDougall -- 4.4. Other Furnaces for Ferroalloys Processing / Isobel McDougall -- Acknowledgments / Isobel McDougall -- References / Isobel McDougall -- 5. Electrical and Thermal Operations of Furnaces for Ferroalloys Production / Isobel McDougall -- 5.1. Introduction to Furnace Operations for Ferroalloys Processing / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.2. Basics of Electric Circuit Theory / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.2.1. Direct and Alternating Current and Voltage / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.2.2. Resistive Circuits / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.2.3. Reactance Circuits / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.2.4. Impedance and Power in AC Circuits / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.3. Ferroalloy Smelting Furnaces as Electrical Circuits / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.3.1. DC Furnaces / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.3.2. AC Furnaces / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.4. Modes of Heat Dissipation in Furnaces / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.4.1. Electric Arc / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.4.2. Electric Arc Models / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.4.3. Resistive Heating / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.4.4. Current Paths and Distribution of Heat Dissipation / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.5. Electric Operations and Control of the Furnace / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.5.1. Power Control / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.5.2. Electrode Control / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.6. Environmental Issues of Ferroalloys Furnace Operations / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.6.1. Particulates Emissions / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.6.2. Gaseous Emissions / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 5.6.3. Heat Emissions and Losses / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- References / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 6. Ferrosilicon and Silicon Technology / Gudrun Saevarsdottir -- 6.1. Introduction to Silicon and Its Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 6.1.1. Properties of Silicon / Merete Tangstad -- 6.1.2. Silicon Interaction with Other Elements / Merete Tangstad -- 6.2. Raw Materials, Silicon, and Ferrosilicon Compositions / Merete Tangstad -- 6.2.1. Sources of Silica / Merete Tangstad -- 6.2.2. Carbon Reductants / Merete Tangstad -- 6.2.3.Compositions of Silicon and Ferrosilicon / Merete Tangstad -- 6.3. Silicon and Ferrosilicon Smelting Technology / Merete Tangstad -- 6.3.1. Basic Principles of Operation / Merete Tangstad -- 6.3.2. Smelting Process / Merete Tangstad -- 6.4. Casting and Refining Operations / Merete Tangstad -- 6.4.1. Casting / Merete Tangstad -- 6.4.2. Refining of Silicon and Ferrosilicon / Merete Tangstad -- 6.5. Energy Savings and Environmental Issues in Silicon and Ferrosilicon Production / Merete Tangstad -- 6.5.1. Energy Recovery / Merete Tangstad -- 6.5.2. Emissions Control / Merete Tangstad -- References / Merete Tangstad -- 7. Manganese Ferroalloys Technology / Merete Tangstad -- 7.1. Introduction to Manganese Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.1.1. History and Background of Manganese / Merete Tangstad -- 7.2. Properties of Manganese and Its Compounds / Merete Tangstad -- 7.2.1. Properties of Manganese / Merete Tangstad -- 7.2.2. Interaction of Manganese with Oxygen and Carbon / Merete Tangstad -- 7.2.3. Interaction of Manganese with Other Elements / Merete Tangstad -- 7.2.4. Manganese in Oxide Systems and Slags / Merete Tangstad -- 7.3. Manganese Ores Processing and Reduction / Merete Tangstad -- 7.3.1. Manganese Ores / Merete Tangstad -- 7.3.2. Agglomeration Processes / Merete Tangstad -- 7.4. Manganese Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.4.1. Manganese Alloy Specifications / Merete Tangstad -- 7.4.2. Impurities in Manganese Alloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.5. Smelting Technologies for Manganese Alloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.5.1. Basics of Reduction Processes / Merete Tangstad -- 7.5.2. Outline of Industrial Practice / Merete Tangstad -- 7.6. Technology of Ferromanganese / Merete Tangstad -- 7.6.1. High-Carbon Ferromanganese Production / Merete Tangstad -- 7.6.2. Production of Commercial Silicomanganese (FeSiMn) / Merete Tangstad -- 7.6.3. Post-Tap Hole Processing for FeMn and SiMn / Merete Tangstad -- 7.6.4. Production of Manganese Metal / Merete Tangstad -- 7.7. Refining Operations for Low-Carbon Manganese Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.7.1. Production of Low-Carbon Ferromanganese / Merete Tangstad -- 7.7.2. Production of Low-Carbon Silicomanganese / Merete Tangstad -- 7.8. Manganese Ferroalloys Postprocessing / Merete Tangstad -- 7.8.1. Casting / Merete Tangstad -- 7.8.2. Crushing and Sieving / Merete Tangstad -- 7.9. Nitrided Manganese Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 7.10. Energy Use in Manganese Ferroalloys Processing / Merete Tangstad -- 7.11. Potential Hazards of Operations / Merete Tangstad -- Acknowledgments / Merete Tangstad -- References / Merete Tangstad -- 8. Technology of Chromium and Its Ferroalloys / Merete Tangstad -- 8.1. Properties of Chromium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.1.1. Phase Equilibria with Major Chromium-Containing Systems / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.1.2. Phase Equilibria with Chromium Oxide / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.2. Chromium Raw Materials and Their Processing / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.2.1. Chromium Minerals Overview / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.2.2. Chromium Resources Overview / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.2.3. Chromium Ores and Chromites Processing / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3. Chromium Ferroalloys Technology / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3.1. Technology of Low-Carbon Ferrochrome / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3.2. Technology of Medium-Carbon Ferrochrome / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3.3.

Technology of Ferrosilicochrome (FeSiCr) / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3.4. Technology of Ultra-Low-Carbon FeCr / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.3.5. Technology of Nitrided Ferrochromium (FeCrN) / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.4. Production of Metallic Chromium and Its Alloys by Aluminum Reduction / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.5. Environmental Issues of Chromium and Its Ferroalloys Processing / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.5.1. Human Health Hazards of Chromium and Its Compounds / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.5.2. Dust and Wastewaters Treatment from Chromium Ferroalloys Processing / Mihail I. Gasik -- 8.5.3. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Chromium Ferroalloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- References / Mihail I. Gasik -- 9. High Carbon Ferrochrome Technology / Mihail I. Gasik -- 9.1. Introduction / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.1.1. High Carbon Ferrochrome and Its Production Base / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.1.2. Uses and Applications of High Carbon Ferrochrome / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.2. Technology Routes for the Production of High Carbon Ferrochrome / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.2.1. Introduction / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.2.2. Open/Semiclosed Submerged Arc AC Furnaces / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.2.3. Closed Submerged Arc AC Furnaces / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.2.4. Prereduction and Submerged Arc AC Smelting / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.2.5. Open Arc DC Furnaces / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.2.6. Other Technology Routes / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.3. Post Tap Hole Practices a

1.2\x nd Product Types / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.3.1. Alloy and Slag Tapping / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson

Note continued: 9.3.2. Product Types / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.3.3. Slag Handling and Utilization / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.4. Environmental Control and Occupational Health / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 9.4.1. Environmental Impact of High Carbon Ferrochrome Production / Jorma Daavittila / Johan Basson -- 9.4.2. Occupational Health Hazards / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- References / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 10. Technology of Ferronickel / Johan Basson / Jorma Daavittila -- 10.1. Properties of Nickel and Its Compounds / Oleg Polyakov -- 10.2. Nickel Raw Materials / Oleg Polyakov -- 10.3. Ferronickel Smelting and Refining / Oleg Polyakov -- 10.3.1. Ferronickel and Its Smelting / Oleg Polyakov -- 10.12. Refining and Casting of Ferronickel / Oleg Polyakov -- References / Oleg Polyakov -- 11. Technology of Tungsten Ferroalloys / Oleg Polyakov -- 11.1. Properties of Tungsten and Its Compounds / Michael Gasik -- 11.2. Minerals, Ores, and Concentrates of Tungsten / Michael Gasik -- 11.3. Technology for Producing Ferrotungsten / Michael Gasik -- 11.3.1. Reduction by Carbon and Silicon / Michael Gasik -- 11.3.2. Reduction by Aluminum / Michael Gasik -- References / Michael Gasik -- 12. Technology of Molybdenum Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 12.1. Properties of Molybdenum and Its Compounds / Michael Gasik -- 12.2. Minerals, Ores, and Concentrates of Molybdenum / Michael Gasik -- 12.3. Oxidative Roasting of Molybdenite Concentrates / Michael Gasik -- 12.4. Technology for Producing Ferromolybdenum / Michael Gasik -- References / Michael Gasik -- 13. Technology of Vanadium Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 13.1. Properties of Vanadium and Its Compounds / Michael Gasik -- 13.2. Sources of Vanadium / Michael Gasik -- 13.3. Treatment of Vanadium Raw Materials / Michael Gasik -- 13.3.1. Chemical Treatment of Vanadium Raw Materials / Michael Gasik -- 13.3.2. Metallurgical Processing of Vanadium Raw Materials / Michael Gasik -- 13.3.3. Reduction of Vanadium from Oxides / Michael Gasik -- 13.4. Technology of Ferrovanadium / Michael Gasik -- 13.4.1. Reduction by Silicon / Michael Gasik -- 13.4.2. Technology of Ferrovanadium by Reduction by Aluminum / Michael Gasik -- 13.5. Technology of Other Ferrovanadium Alloys / Michael Gasik -- 13.6. The Technology of Nitrided Ferrovanadium / Michael Gasik -- References / Michael Gasik -- 14. Technology of Niobium Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 14.1. Properties of Niobium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 14.2. Sources of Niobium and Its Reduction / Mihail I. Gasik -- 14.2.1. Minerals of Niobium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 14.2.2. Reduction of Niobium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 14.3. Technology of Niobium Ferroalloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- References / Mihail I. Gasik -- 15. Technology of Titanium Ferroalloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 15.1. Properties of Titanium and Its Compounds / Michael Gasik -- 15.2. Sources of Titanium and Methods of Its Reduction / Michael Gasik -- 15.2.1. Titanium Raw Materials / Michael Gasik -- 15.2.2. Reduction of Titanium from Oxides / Michael Gasik -- 15.3. Technology of Titanium Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- References / Michael Gasik -- 16. Technology of Zirconium Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 16.1. Properties of Zirconium and Its Main Compounds / Michael Gasik -- 16.2. Sources of Zirconium and Its Reduction / Michael Gasik -- 16.3. Technology of Zirconium Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 16.3.1. Ferrosilicozirconium / Michael Gasik -- 16.3.2. Technology for Producing Ferro-aluminum-zirconium / Michael Gasik -- References / Michael Gasik -- 17. Boron Ferroalloys / Michael Gasik -- 17.1. Properties of Boron and Its Compounds / Oleg Polyakov -- 17.2. Boron Sources and Its Reduction / Oleg Polyakov -- 17.3. Technology of Boron Alloys / Oleg Polyakov -- 17.3.1. Boron Alloys Types / Oleg Polyakov -- 17.3.2. Ferroboron Technology / Oleg Polyakov -- 17.3.3. Technology of Other Boron Alloys / Oleg Polyakov -- References / Oleg Polyakov -- 18. Technology of Ferroalloys with Rare-Earth Metals / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.1. Properties of Rare-Earth Metals and Their Compounds / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.1.1. Yttrium / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.1.2. Lanthanum / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.1.3. Cerium / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.2. Minerals, Ores, and Concentrates of Rare-Earth Metals / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.3. Technology for Producing Ferroalloys with REM / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.3.1. Reduction by Carbon / Oleg Polyakov -- 18.3.2. Reduction by Aluminum / Oleg Polyakov -- References / Oleg Polyakov -- 19. Technology of Ferroalloys with Alkaline-Earth Metals / Oleg Polyakov -- 19.1. Calcium and Its Alloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.1.1. Properties of Calcium and Its Systems / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.1.2. Technology Used for Smelting Calcium Carbide / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.1.3. Smelting Technology Used for Calcium-Silicon Alloy / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.2. Magnesium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.2.1. Properties of Magnesium and Its Systems / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.2.2. Technology for Producing Magnesium and Ferroalloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.3. Strontium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.3.1. Properties of Strontium and Its Systems / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.3.2. Smelting Technology of Strontium Alloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.4. Barium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.4.1. Properties of Barium and Its Systems / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.4.2. Smelting Technology of Ferrosilicobarium / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.4.3. Smelting Technology of Al-Ba Alloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 19.5. Metallurgical Lime / Mihail I. Gasik -- References / Mihail I. Gasik -- 20.Complex Ferroalloys and Other Master Alloys / Mihail I. Gasik -- 20.1.Complex Ferroalloys / Oleg Polyakov -- 20.1.1. Relevancy of Complex Ferroalloys Development / Oleg Polyakov -- 20.1.2. Ferroalloys and Master Alloys with Aluminum / Oleg Polyakov -- 20.1.3. Ferroalloys with Other Elements / Oleg Polyakov -- 20.2. Ferroalloys with Nonmetallic Elements / Oleg Polyakov -- 20.3. Exothermic Ferroalloys / Oleg Polyakov -- References / Oleg Polyakov.

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