Language universals, markedness theory, and natural phonetic processes / by Robert K. Herbert.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 278-299).

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Notes on symbols -- 1 Introduction and orientation -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Background and theoretical orientation -- 1.2 Sources of data -- 1.3 Arrangement of the chapters -- 2 Definition and phonological status of prenasalization -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 The problem of definition -- 2.2 Phonological markedness -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Notes -- 3 Prenasalized consonants: Units or clusters? -- 3.0 Introduction -- 3.1 Strategy of determination -- 3.2 General considerations -- 3.3 Syllable structure considerations -- 3.4 Motivation for a feature analysis -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.6 Notes.

4 Formal representation of prenasalized consonants -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 Formal representation -- 4.2 Feature analyses: Theoretical considerations -- 4.3 Phonetic vector specifications -- 4.4 Summary -- 4.5 Notes -- 5 Phonetic evidence for a cluster analyses -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Vowel quality -- 5.2 Vowel nasality -- 5.3 Vowel quantity -- 5.4 Syllabicity alternations -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.6 Notes -- 6 A derivational model for nasal-oral unification -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Theoretical background -- 6.2 Relationship of phonetic processes and unification -- 6.3 Derivational model.

6.4 Initial prenasalization and unification: An alternative model -- 6.5 Summary -- 6.6 Notes -- 7 Prenasalized consonants: Processes of origin -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Nasal abutment -- 7.2 Environmental shielding processes -- 7.3 Shielding within clusters -- 7.4 Spurious, spontaneous, and intrusive nasalization -- 7.5 Some problematic cases -- 7.6 Summary -- 7.7 Notes -- 8 Phonetic processes in derivation -- 8.0 Introduction -- 8.1 Processes affecting oral consonants -- 8.2 Processes affecting nasal consonants -- 8.3 Summary -- 8.4 Gemination of consonants and prenasalization -- 8.5 Notes.

9 Implications and conclusions -- 9.0 Introduction -- 9.1 Explaining markedness -- 9.2 Universals in reconstruction -- 9.3 Implications and directions for future research -- 9.4 Summary -- 9.5 Notes -- References.

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