From industrial to legal standardization, 1871-1914 : transnational insurance law and the great San Francisco earthquake / by Tilmann J. Röder ; translated by Frederik Heinemann.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

List of Tables; List of Abbreviations; List of References and Sources; Foreword; Introduction The Subject and Focus of the Present Study; Chapter One Standard Contract Terms in National and International Business; 1.1. From Weapons to Contracts: Standardisation Takes Command; 1.2. Contract Terms and Conditions in Individual Countries; 1.2.1. The Beginnings of Standardisation in Technology and Law (ca. 1770-1830); 1.2.2. Intensification of the Mass Phenomenon (ca. 1830-1870); 1.2.3. Institutionalisation and State Control (ca. 1870-1914); 1.3. Contract Terms in a Global Economy

1.3.1. The Internationalisation of Business (1871-1914)1.3.2. Adjustment of Contract Bases to Economic Internationalisation; Chapter Two The Earthquake Clause in Fire Insurance Contracts the Development of a Standard (1906-1907); 2.1. The Aftermath of an Earthquake; 2.1.1. A Paradise for Fire Insurers; 2.1.2. 'San Francisco is gone'; 2.1.3. The Worldwide Aftershocks in the Insurance Business; 2.1.4. The Beginning of Damage Settlements; 2.1.5. Points of Conflict in Material Law; 2.1.6. Attempts to Reach Out-of-Court Settlements; 2.1.7. Court Cases and Settlements

2.1.8. The Earthquake Balance Sheet: The View from the International Insurance Business2.2. The Reactions of the Insurance Industry; 2.2.1. The San Francisco Disaster: Difference in the Perception of the Events; 2.2.2. Danger or Risk? Differences in the Perception of the Possible; 2.2.3. San Francisco, Valparaiso, Kingston: The Global Dimension; 2.2.4. Radical Thought Experiments; 2.2.5. The Initial Consequences in the Crisis Regions; 2.2.6. Additional Premiums or an Earthquake Clause?; 2.3. The Motors of an International Standardisation of the Earthquake Clause

2.3.1. The Project of the Four Reinsurers2.3.2. Opposition in England and the United States; 2.3.3. Adherence to the Concept of the Earthquake Clause; 2.4. A New Standard for the World: Results of the Second Part; Chapter Three The Earthquake Clause in Fire Insurance Contracts: The Limits of International Standardisation (1907-1912); 3.1. The Introduction of Unitary Earthquake Clauses; 3.1.1. Basic Features of National Developments; 3.1.2. Germany: A Broad Consensus on the Earthquake Question; 3.1.3. Preliminary Results; 3.2. Rejection of the Earthquake Clause and its Alternatives

3.2.1. The Outlines of National Developments3.2.2. California: Standard Policies as the Threshold for International Standardisation?; 3.2.3. Preliminary Results; 3.3. No Consensus on the Earthquake Clause; 3.3.1. Character of National Developments; 3.3.2. Italy: Discourse Control instead of Clause Reform; 3.4. The Reasons for Success and Failure: Results of the Third Part; Chapter Four Summary: Paradigmatic Changes in the Law; 4.1. New Regulatory Requirements; 4.2. New Structures of the Formation of Norms; 4.2.1. Scope, Conditions and Limits of the Standard Form Practice

Around 1900, standard contracts and clauses spread throughout international industries such as transport, insurance and finance. The ""earthquake clause"", which was globally introduced by reinsurers after the 1906 San Francisco catastrophe, exemplifies this paradigmatic change of the law.

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