Scientific protocols for forensic examination of clothing

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About the authors -- 1: Protocols, Procedures, and Philosophy -- 1-1: Importance of clothing examination -- 1-2: Clothing a "Crime Scene" -- 1-3: Multiple hypotheses, alternative explanations -- 1-4: Origin of evidence -- 1-5: Searching for evidence and the screening effect -- 1-6: Checklists, guidelines, and protocols -- 1-7: Nonprescriptive holistic approach -- 1-8: References -- 2: Preliminary Inquiries --2-1: Focus of the examination -- 2-2: Information concerning the crime -- 2-3; Levels of information -- Description vs identification -- Data, results, conclusions, interpretations -- Stability of information -- 2-4: History of exhibit -- 2-5: Reference and control samples -- 2-6: Preservation, handling, and storage -- 2-7: Contamination issues -- 2-8: Health and safety -- 2-9: References -- 3: Preliminary Assessment -- 3-1: Documentation -- 3-2: Detection -- 3-3: Recovery -- 3-4: Clothing construction -- 3-5: Yarn and fabric composition -- 3-6: Yarns or threads -- 3-7: Fabric -- Weave -- Knit -- Felts, leather, and other non-wovens -- 3-8: Definitions -- 3-9: Sewing terminology -- 3-10: Clothing construction terminology -- 3-11: References -- 4: Stains And Deposits -- 4-1: Introduction -- 4-2: Information from preliminary examination -- Overview -- Class of material -- Appearance of deposit -- Manner of deposit -- Sequence of deposit and time of deposit -- Deposit from the outside or the inside surface -- Direct or indirect transfer -- Alteration -- Wear -- Alteration from immersion in water and alteration from burning -- Alteration from the examination -- Relationship to other stains, deposits, or damage -- 4-3: Getting started: workflow for examination of stains and deposits -- Examining individual stains and deposits -- Smears and directional contact deposits -- Projected stains and deposits-spatters, scatters, and splashes -- Grouped stains, deposits, and damage -- Comparing stains and deposits on different items -- 4-4: Sampling of stains and deposits -- Basis for sampling -- Preliminary sampling -- Crusts and films -- Caked deposits and heterogeneous agglomerates -- Powdery deposits -- Stains -- Viscous deposits -- 4-5: Questions that can be addressed by stains and deposits -- 4-6: Sorting tools for stains and deposits -- Sorting tools for preliminary evaluation -- Sorting tools for examining samples received from another examiner -- 4-7: Establishing a reference collection -- 4-8: Writing reports -- 4-9: Summary -- 4-10: Terminology for stains and deposits -- Terminology for appearance -- Terminology for manner of deposit -- 4-11: References -- 5: Pattern Evidence -- 5-1: Blood pattern analysis (BPA) -- Impact blood spatter -- Gunshot -- Beating and stabbing -- Projected blood spatter -- Expirated blood -- Arterial spurt -- Cast-off spatter -- Secondary spatter -- Directionality -- Clotted blood -- Transfer bloodstain patterns and contact bloodstains -- Altered bloodstain patterns -- Limitations -- BPA terminology suggested for use in clothing examination --5-2: Firearm discharge residue patterns -- 5-3: Direct contact impressions: imprints and indentations -- Fingerprints -- Footwear -- Tire marks -- Lipstick prints -- Weapon, tool, and object marks -- Fabric impressions -- 5-4: Physical Fit -- 5-5: References -- 6: Damage -- 6-1: Introduction -- 6-2: Damage categories -- 6-3: Examination approach -- 6-4: Normal wear and tear and "recency" -- 6-5: Cuts -- 6-6; Tears -- 6-7: Holes and punctures -- 6-8: Stabbing -- 6-9: Simulations -- 6-10: Physical fit -- 6-11: Glass cuts -- 6-12; Microbial damage -- 6-13: Thermal (fire and heat) damage -- 6-14: Firearm damage -- 6-15: Other textiles -- 6-16: Limitations -- 6-17: Glossary of terms -- 6-18: References -- 7: Human Biological Evidence -- 7-1: Blood -- Testing for blood -- 7-2: Semen -- Testing for semen -- 7-3: Saliva -- Testing for saliva -- 7-4: Vaginal secretions, urine, feces, and vomit -- Vaginal secretions -- Urine -- Feces -- Vomit -- 7-5: Dandruff -- 7-6: DNA -- 7-7: Wearer DNA -- 7-8: Trace DNA -- 7-9: Multiple body sources -- 7-10: Mixtures -- 7-11: Nonhuman biological evidence -- 7-12: Conclusion -- 7-13: References -- 8: Traces And Debris -- 8-1: Nature of debris -- 8-2: Sorting tools for evaluating traces and debris -- 8-3: Composition of debris -- Normal debris vs foreign debris -- Individual types of material vs set of debris -- 8-4: Component vs. non-component debris -- 8-5: Transfers of debris Transfers of individual types of material -- Paint -- Glass -- Hair -- Fibers -- Gunpowder particles -- Soil and sand -- Pollen, spores, wood, and other plant parts -- Insects and insect parts -- Cosmetics and glitter -- Foam rubber and plastics -- Lubricants from condoms, contraceptive creams, and related materials -- Soot and other black smudges -- Beads and spheres from welding, soldering, burning, and incineration -- Materials from evidence packaging -- Transfer via direct or indirect contact -- Transfer, persistence, and detection -- Problem of detection -- Evaluating transfer and persistence -- 8-6: Questions that can be addressed by examinations of traces and debris -- 8-7: Questions of contact -- 8-8: Target vs context-based examinations -- 8-9: Absence of debris -- 8-10: Summary: Nature, composition, source, and transfers of traces and debris -- 8-11: Sampling and sorting -- Sampling rationale -- Sampling criteria -- Sequence of sampling and collection -- Techniques for sampling and collection -- Sample size and composition -- Sampling and sorting techniques -- Special problems in sample collection -- Collecting samples for target examinations -- 8-12: Reference samples and reference standards -- Reference samples -- Reference standards -- Primary and secondary reference samples -- 8-13: Reconstruction of events -- 8-14: Process-based descriptive terminology for traces and debris -- 8-15; Trace evidence recovery guidelines -- 8-16: References -- 9: Results And Their Significance -- 9-1: Significance of the evidence -- 9-2: Expectations 9-3: Context of evidence obtained from clothing -- 9-4: Objectivity and opinion -- 9-5: Adversarial system and the law -- 9-6: Interpretation and communication of the evidence 9-7: Peer, technical, and administrative reviews -- 9-8: Training and maintaining the expertise of the clothing examiner -- 9-9: References -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Index.

From the Publisher: When a crime or other incident takes place, clothing items are often present or left behind, and can become directly involved in the case itself. Items of clothing are thus one of the most common types of exhibit examined in court. They can provide valuable information in cases of violent crimes, such as homicide or rape, as well as in burglary, robbery, arson, and vehicular accidents. A unique reference in the forensic arena, The first of its kind, Scientific Protocols for Forensic Examination of Clothing discusses the forensic examination of clothing in criminal cases. It examines the ramifications of DNA profiling and its effect on the screening approach to clothing examination. Coverage includes protocols and procedures, preliminary assessment, examination, testing and sampling, quality assurance and control, and the significance of results.