Linguistic perspectives on English grammar : a guide for EFL teachers / Martin J. Endley.

Includes bibliographical references.

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1. Nouns and Noun Phrases in Linguistic Perspective -- Categorizing Words -- What is a Noun? -- Time Stability -- Concerteness -- Common Nouns and Problems of Countablity -- Common Nouns and problems of Number and plurality -- Some Further Problems with Plurality -- Some Thoughts on Proper Nouns -- Pronouns -- The personal Pronouns -- The Reciprocal Pronouns -- The Indefinite Pronouns -- Genitives and Partitives -- Further Reading -- 2. Verbs and Verb Phrases in Linguistic Persective -- What Are Verbs? -- Verbs and Situations -- Verbs, Activities, and Processes -- Verbs and punctual Situations -- Verbs and States -- The Three Primary Verbs in English -- Morphosyntactic Properties of the Primary Verbs in English -- NICE Property # 1: Negation -- NICE Property # 2: Inversion -- NICE Property # 3: Code -- NICE Property # 4: Emphasis -- The Primary Verbs as main Verbs -- Multi-Word Verbs -- Multi-Word Verbs as Lexical Verbs.

Types of Multi-Word Verb -- Multi-Word Verbs: Problems of Form and Problems of Meaning -- Multi-Word Verbs: Some further Problems -- Further Reading -- 3. Adjectives and Adverbs in Linguistic Perspective -- The Adjective Word Class: Morphosyntactic Characteristics -- The Position of Adjectives: The Prenominal Position -- The Position of Adjectives: The Predicative Position -- Adjective-Forming Suffixes -- Comparative and Superlative Forms -- Modification of Adjectives -- Adjectives and Prefixes -- The Semantics of Prefixes -- The Semantics of Adjectives -- Prenominal Adjectives and the problem of Adjective order -- Two More Problems with Adjectives: Participles and Compounds -- Adverbs: A Highly Problematic Category -- Comparing Adjectives and Adverbs -- The Position of Adverbs -- Adverbs as Modifiers and Linkers -- Further Reading -- 4. Determining Words and prepostions in Linguistic Perspective -- Determining Words: Some Important Preliminaries.

Determining Words and Adjectives -- The Articles in English Form -- The Articles in English: Meaning and Use -- Articles and Proper Nouns -- A Brief Notes on the Grammar of English Demonstratives -- A Brief Note on Genitive Pronouns as Determining Words -- Pre-determiners and Post-determiners -- Prepostitions in English: Some Improtant Issues -- English Prepositions: Some Remarks on Their Syntactic Properties -- English Prepositions: Meaning and Use -- Further Reading -- 5. Participants, Functions, and Roles -- Verbs and Participants -- The Idea of Grammatical Fucntions -- The Idea of Semantic Roles -- The AGENT Semantic Role -- The THEME Semantic Role -- The EXPERIENCER Semantic Role -- The PATIENT Semantic Role -- Some Further Semantic Roles -- The Subject in English -- Must We Have a Subject? -- Non-referential Subjects -- Objects in English -- Further Reading -- 6. Transitivity and Intransitivity -- What Does Transitivity Involve?

Some Thoughts on Transitive Clauses and their Verbs -- Simple Transitive Clauses -- Extended Trnasitive Clauses -- Complex Transitive Clauses -- Some Thoughts on Intransitive Clauses and Their Verbs -- Simple Intransitive Clauses and Extended Intransitive Clauses -- Complex Intransitive Clauses -- The Fluidity of Transitivity -- Further Reading -- 7. Tense and Aspect -- Tense and Aspect in English: Some Initial Reflections -- What is Tense? -- Expressing the Future in English: A Linguistic Dispute -- Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present Simple -- Regular or Habitual Situations -- States of Being or Possession -- Universal or "Timeless" Truths and Established Facts -- Generic Statements -- Commentary on Some Currently Unfolding Situation -- Summaries -- Performatives -- Planned or Scheduled Future Situations -- Unplanned or Unscheduled but Anticipated Future Situations -- Narration of Past Events (the Historical Present).

Informing and Commenting on "News" -- Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Past Simple -- Single Completed Event -- Extended Situation, Now Completed -- Series of Regualr Events -- Conditional Possibility -- Signaling Politeness -- Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Progressive -- Progressive Marking on Verbs: A Potential Problem -- Tense and Aspect in Combination: The English Present and Past Perfect -- Perfect of Result -- Experiential Perfect -- Perfect of Persistent Situation -- Perfect of Recent Past -- Recurrent Event Perfect -- Some More Patterns -- Pattern 1 Have + Been + V-ing -- Pattern 2 Had + Been + V-ing -- Pattern 3 Modal auxiliary + Have + Been + V-ing -- Back to the Future: Will or Be Going To? -- Further Reading -- 8. Modality and Negation -- What is Modality? -- The Prototypical Modal Auxiliaries in English: Morphosyntactic Properties -- Acceptance of the NICE Properties.

Absence of a Third Person Singular Inflection -- Modal Auxiliaries: Some Additional Grammatical Characteristics -- The Semantics of the Prototypical Modals -- Can -- Could -- May -- Might -- Must -- Will -- Shall -- Would -- Should -- Ought -- Some Semi-Modal Expressions -- Grammatical Features of Semi-modals -- The Semantics of the Semi-Modals -- Be Going To -- Be Able To -- Be Supposed To -- Have To and Have Got To -- Had Better and Had Best -- Go Un-V -- Negative Utterances and the Particle Not -- The Semantics of Not -- Not as a Non-verbal Negator -- Complex Negators Involving Not -- Further Reading -- 9. Questions and Focus Constructions -- Interrogative Utterances -- Yes/No Interrogatives -- Replying to Yes/No Interrogatives -- Wh-Interrogatives -- Some Other Types of Questions -- Passive Voice in English: Some General Remarks -- Reasons for Omitting the Agent in Passive Constructions -- What Can Be Passivized and What Can't?

A Scale of Passivity -- English Passives: Meaning and Use -- Get Passive -- Middle Voice Constructions -- Some Other Focus Constructions -- Clefting -- Fronting -- Left-dislocation -- Locative Inversion -- Further Reading -- 10.Complex Sentences in English: Coordination and Subordination -- Coordinated Clauses -- The Semantics of And, Or, and But -- And -- Or -- But -- Other Coordinators? -- Correlative Coordinators -- The Idea of Subordination -- Three Types of Finite Complement Clause -- That Clause Complements -- Wh-Clause Complements -- If/Whether Clause Complements -- Types of Nonfinite Complement Clauses -- Infinitive Clause Complements -- Infinitives With and Without Subjects -- -Ing Clause Complements -- Infinitives or -ing? -- The Label Gerund (Or: To Be a Noun or Not To be a Noun? -- Further Reading -- 11.Complex Sentences in English: Relative Clauses and Related Constructions -- What Is a Relative Clause?

The Position of English Relative Clauses -- Marking English Relative Clauses: The Relative Proforms -- Selecting Proforms -- Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses -- The Discourse Function of Restrictive Relative Clauses -- Syntactic Constraints on Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses -- Relative Adverbial Clauses -- Nonprototypical Relative Clauses -- Some Related Clauses -- Further Reading -- 12.Complex Sentences in English: Adverbial, Participial, and Conditional Clauses -- The Adverbial Function in English: An Overview -- Some Basic Functions of Adverbial Clauses -- Participial Adverbial Clauses -- Adverbials of Condition -- The Main Types of Conditionals -- Simple (Real) Conditional Constructions -- Predicative (Real) Conditionals -- Hypothetical (Unreal) Conditionals -- Counterfactual (Unreal) Conditionals -- Some Other Types of Conditional -- Conditioanal Clauses in Discourse.

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