Current trends in contrastive linguistics : functional and cognitive perspectives / edited by María de los Ángeles Gómez González, J. Lachlan Mackenzie, Elsa M. González Álvarez.

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

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Current Trends in Contrastive Linguistics; Editorial page; Title page; LCC data; Table of contents; Contributors; Abbreviations used in glosses; Introduction; 1. Grammatical categories in contrast; 2. Contrastive linguistics and corpus studies; 3. Meaning and cognition from a contrastive perspective; Acknowledgments; References; Part 1 . Grammatical categories in contrast; Ways of impersonalizing; 1. Introduction; 2. What is a third person plural impersonal construction?; 2.1 Vague vs. impersonal reference; 2.2 Impersonal vs. generic; 2.3 The commonality of 3pl impersonals.

3. The referents of the 3pl4. Verbal impersonals; 4.1 Reflexive impersonals; 4.2 Participle impersonals; 4.3 Agentless passives; 5. Concluding remarks; References; Construing reference in context; 1. Introduction; 2. Context and the construal of reference; 3. Structures; 3.1 Finnish; 3.1.1 Passive in Finnish; 3.1.2 Zero person construction in Finnish; 3.2 French; 3.2.1 Passive in French; 3.2.2 The pronoun on in French; 4. Functions; 5. Data; 6. Non-specific reference forms in CMC; 6.1 Non-specific reference in the Finnish data; 6.2 Non-specific reference in the French data.

6.2.1 French passive constructions6.2.2 The pronoun on; 7. Conclusions; References; The contrast between pronoun position in European Portuguese and Castilian Spanish; 1. Introduction; 2. The clause-initial P1 position; 3. Clitics in FG; 3.1 Clitics and the Wackernagel position; 3.2 An aside on Brazilian Portuguese; 3.3 An aside on a challenge to the clitic analysis; 4. Enclisis and proclisis in EP and CS; 5. The position of the verb in EP and CS; 6. The subject in EP and in CS; 7. Conclusion; References; Modals and typology; 1. Modality as a typological category; 1.1 Defining modality.

1.2 Prototypes in cognitive psychology and lexical semantics1.3 Prototypes in grammar; 1.4 Prototypes in typology; 1.5 Prototypes and modality; 1.6 A typological cluster approach to modality; 1.6.1 Possibility and necessity; 1.6.2 Epistemic and deontic; 1.6.3 Subjectivity; 1.6.4 Extremes of the modality scale; 2. Using the criteria -- English; 3. Using the criteria -- German and English in contrast; 4. Conclusion; References; Part 2 . Contrastive linguistics and corpus studies; Parallel texts and corpus-based contrastive analysis; 1. Introduction; 2. Parallel concordancing; 2.1 Alignment.

2.2 Sorting the results2.3 Advanced Search; 3. Frequency information; 4. Finding translations; 4.1 Hot Words and Translation; 5. Parallel Search; 6. Summary; References; Machine translation and human translation; 1. Introduction; 2. Why MT Matters; 3. MT and the human translator; 4. Evaluation of machine translation; 5. Experimenting with the evaluation of MT as a pedagogical exercise; 5.1 METRA; 5.2 Using corpora to find 'genuine' examples; 6. TrAva and evaluation of MT; 6.1 Classification of errors -- problems; 6.2 Classification of errors -- possible solutions.

Drawing on data extracted from the British National Corpus and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual in conjunction with elicitation data from native speakers, this chapter constitutes a first step towards a constructionist, usage-based analysis of secondary predication with verba dicendi et declarandi (e.g., say, declare, decir 'say', declarar 'declare') in English and Spanish. Within this environment (the "declarative subjective-transitive" construction), at least three lower-level (i.e., item-specific) configurations can be posited in th

English.

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