Indian Ocean migrants and state formation in Hadhramaut : reforming the homeland / by Ulrike Freitag.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 537-563) and index.

Print version record.

Based on Hadhrami and British sources, as well as on fieldwork in Yemen and Indonesia, this text traces the ways in which members of the diaspora and travellers interacted with the homeland through their remittances, political initiatives and the introduction of new ideas and institutions.

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List of Maps, Tables, Figures and Photographs -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Note on Transliteration and Terminology -- Introduction -- An entrepreneurial diaspora -- Sojourning merchants: core of an economic bourgeoisie? -- Islāh: modernisation or modernity? -- A civil society in the making? -- Imperialism and non-European modernity -- Literature and sources -- CHAPTER ONE: The setting: Hadhramaut and the diaspora in the 19th century -- Hadhramaut and its population -- Hadhramis in the world: an Indian Ocean diaspora.

An outline of political developments in the 19th century -- The British in Aden and beyond -- CHAPTER TWO: Scholars, mystics and merchants: reformers and politicians in early and mid-19th century Wadi Hadhramaut -- The Tarīqa 'Alawiyya and religious learning in Hadhramaut until the 1880s -- Scholars and community leaders: lives and careers of early 19th century reformers -- Ahmad b. 'Ali al-Junayd (1783-1858): scholar, traveller and man of wealth -- Other leading notables in the first half of the 19th century -- Notables as reformers and political leaders (c. 1790s-1840s).

The reform ideas of a Sufi: Ahmad b.'Umar b. Zayn b. Sumayt -- Steps towards change: political initiatives of the Hadhrami notables -- CHAPTER THREE: Sultans, notables and dawla: approaches to state building in Kathīrī and Qu'aytī lands (1840s-1920s) -- State-building and notables: the Kathīrī sultanate -- Sultans as dawla: Qu'aytī conceptions of rule -- Institutions of the Qu'aytī dawla -- Taxation and state-led development in the Qu'aytī domains until the 1920s -- The search for allies in World War I: Between the Ottomans and the British.

CHAPTER FOUR: Hadhrami migrants and reform in the Muslim world (c. 1860s-1920s) -- International Hadhrami networks in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries -- A travelling merchant, scholar and teacher: Sayyid Abū Bakr b. Shihāb al-Dīn (1846-1922) -- Sayyid Abū Bakr's career in a comparative perspective -- Change in the Muslim world (c. 1860s-1920s) -- The Hijāz: centre of learning and international crossroads -- CHAPTER FIVE: The Hadhrami 'renaissance' in South East Asia (1880s-1930s) -- Reform and nationalism in the Malay world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The emergence of a Hadhrami 'bourgeoisie' in South East Asia -- Educational reform and the split in the community -- The development of an Arab press in the Netherlands East Indies -- The emergence of a Hadhrami intelligentsia in South East Asia -- CHAPTER SIX: Social criticism and reform in Hadhramaut, 1880s-mid 1930s -- The reform of religious education in Wadi Hadhramaut -- Associations and schools: the organisational structure of reform -- Merchants or sultans? Jam'iyyat al-Haqq and the administration of Tarīm -- Reform in theory and practice: the debate in diaspora and homeland.

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