Balancing the national interest : U.S. national security export controls and global economic competition / Panel on the Impact of National Security Controls on International Technology Transfer, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 297-309) and index.

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""Balancing The National Interest""; ""Copyright""; ""Sponsors""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Executive Summary""; ""ABSTRACT""; ""INTRODUCTION""; ""THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROBLEM""; ""THE CURRENT NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROL REGIME""; ""ASSESSMENT OF THE CRITICAL ISSUES""; ""FINDINGS AND KEY JUDGMENTS OF THE PANEL""; ""I. The Practical Basis for National Security Export Controls""; ""II. Considerations Influencing National Policy""; ""III. Soviet Technology Acquisition Efforts in the West""; ""IV. Diffusion and Transfer of technical Capability""

""V. Foreign Availability and Foreign Control of Technology""""VI. Effectiveness of the Multilateral Process""; ""VII. Administration of U.S. National Security Export Control Policies and Procedures""; ""RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PANEL""; ""I. Strengthen the Cocom Mechanism""; ""II. Accord Greater Importance in U.S. National Security Export Control Decisions to Maintaining Technological Strength ... ""; ""1 Introduction""; ""THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM""; ""The Technology-Security Nexus""; ""The Current Challenge""; ""ORIGINS AND MANDATE OF THE STUDY""; ""SCOPE OF THE PANEL'S WORK""

""FOCUS OF THE STUDY""""ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT""; ""NOTES""; ""2 Evidence on the Technology Transfer Problem""; ""INTRODUCTION""; ""INTELLIGENCE EVIDENCE ON SOVIET TECHNOLOGY ACQUISITION""; ""ESPIONAGE""; ""DIVERSIONS""; ""LEGAL SALES""; ""THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIOUS CHANNELS OF LOSS""; ""SOVIET UTILIZATION OF ACQUIRED WESTERN TECHNOLOGY""; ""THE STATE OF SOVIET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8""; ""IMPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE EVIDENCE""; ""NOTES""; ""3 The Changing Global Economic and Technological Environment""; ""CHANGES IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETPLACE""

""GROWING U.S. INTERACTION IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY""""THE CHALLENGE TO U.S HIGH-TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP""; ""CoCom Countries""; ""Non-CoCom Countries""; ""NEWLY INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES""; ""NOTES""; ""4 The Dimensions of National Security Export Controls""; ""HISTORICAL BACKGROUND""; ""World War II Origins and the Early Postwar Years""; ""The Export Control Act of 1949 and the Establishment of CoCom""; ""The New Role of Science and Technology in Postwar U.S. Defense Strategy""; ""Detente and the Export Administration Act of 1969""; ""U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROLS""

""Controls on Munitions""""Controls on Dual Use Products and Technologies""; ""Dual Use Products""; ""General Licenses""; ""Validated Licenses""; ""Controls on Technical Data""; ""Reexport Controls""; ""Penalties for Violations""; ""ADMINISTRATION OF U.S. CONTROLS""; ""MULTILATERAL NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROLS""; ""THE CONTROL SYSTEMS OF OTHER WESTERN NATIONS""; ""NOTES""; ""5 An Assessment of U.S. National Security Export Controls""; ""INTRODUCTION""; ""EFFECTIVENESS OF NATIONAL SECURITY EXPORT CONTROLS""; ""Intelligence and Enforcement Evidence""; ""Compliance""

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