Copper shaft-hole axes and early metallurgy in south-eastern Europe : an integrated approach / Julia Heeb.

Includes bibliographical references.

Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing, is trying to use as many methods as possible to better understand their production, use and context. A database was compiled to find answers to questions regarding patterns of distribution, context, fragmentation and deformation. Aspects of production were considered through experimental archaeology, metallographic analysis and a re-discovered axe blank with missing shaft-hole. The typology was re-evaluated and modified to ensure comparability across modern national boundaries. The integration of these approaches yielded some interesting results.

Specialized.

Online resource; title from home page (viewed on March 16, 2016).

Available through Archaeopress Digital Subscription Service.

Introduction; 2 Methodology; 3 Theoretical Perspectives; 4 Context and Background of the Copper Hammer-Axes and Axe-Adzes from South-Eastern Europe; 5 History of Research; 6 Copper Age Metallurgy and Shaft-Hole Axes from South-Eastern Europe -- Evidence, Problems and Potential; 7 The Experiments; 8 Metallography; 9 A New Typology for the Copper Hammer-Axes and Axe-Adzes; 10 Patterns and Trends in the Copper Axe Assemblage; 11 The Copper Axes and Living Practices during the Copper Age in South-Eastern Europe -- Considerations and Conclusions; Appendix I -- Typology; Appendix II -- Axe Marks; Appendix III -- GIS Distribution Maps; Appendix IV -- Cluster Distribution Maps (from Krause 2003); Bibliography.

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