The emergence of normative orders / edited by Jerzy Stelmach, Bartosz Brożek, Łukasz Kurek.

Includes bibliographical references.

Intro -- The Emergence of Normative Orders -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Facts and Meaning. How a rich ontology facilitates the understanding of normativity -- Abstract -- 1. The problematics of normativity -- 2. Three kinds of facts -- 3. Facts and language -- 3.1. The world as the set of all facts -- 3.2. The meaning of facts -- 3.3. Contingent and inherent meaning -- 3.4. Occam's razor -- 4. Personal reasons for acting (guiding reasons for a person) -- 5. The demands of reason -- 5.1. Reason and motivation -- 5.2. Reasons and (rational) beliefs about reasons -- 6. Social reasons -- 7. Rule-based reasons -- 8. Should- and ought-facts -- 9. Normativity as a yardstick -- 10. Conclusion -- Imitation and the Emergence of Normative Orders -- Introduction -- 1. The evolutionary role of imitation -- 2. The benefits of imitation -- 3. From imitation to rule-following -- 4. From rule-following to normative orders -- 5. Conclusion -- Emergence of Conventions, Norm Compliance, Social Emotions: An Agentbased Simulation Perspective? -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Outline of the simulation framework -- 3. Case studies -- 3.1. Case study 1: The emergence of conventions -- 3.2. Case study 2: Norm internalization and punishment -- 3.3. Case study 3: Social emotions and norm compliance -- 4. Summary -- The Psychological Bases of Primitive Egalitarianism. Reflections on Human Political Nature -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typology of society structures -- 3. Hypotheses about the psychological bases of primitive egalitarianism -- 4. The aversion to hybris hypothesis -- 5. The transition to hierarchical society structure in light of the analyzed hypotheses -- 6. Conclusions -- The Necessary Condition of the Emergence of Just Normative Orders: Non-Domination versus Simple Equality -- Introduction.

1. The emergence of justice from the sense of injustice: in the search for balance -- 1.1. The origins of the terms -- justice and injustice -- 1.2. Misfortune and injustice -- 2. The sense of injustice and the problem of inequalities -- 2.1. Equalization -- 2.2. Between competition and cooperation -- 3. Domination vs. simple equality -- 3.1. Domination and dominance -- 3.2. The non-domination approach and the simple-equality approach -- 4. Extreme dominance (tyranny) -- the emergence of the post-totalitarian system -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Emotions and the Emergence of Morality -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morality and emotions -- 3. Moral emotions from the scientific perspective -- 4. A difficulty for sentimentalism -- 5. Understanding moral emotions -- 6. Conclusion -- Time-biases and Rationality: The Philosophical Perspectives on Empirical Research about Time Preferences -- Introduction -- 1. Philosophers on time-biases: Hume, Sidgwick, Rawls, Parfit -- 2. Clarifications -- 3. The anomalies of time-biases -- 3.1. Some anomalies of the bias toward the near -- 3.2. The bias toward the future -- 3.3. The interpretation of these results -- 4. Time-biases and the requirements of rationality -- 4.1. Time-biases and rationality as the coherence of attitudes -- 4.2. Time-biases and rationality as reason responsiveness -- 5. Time-biases and the emergence of normative orders -- 6. Conclusions -- The Emergence of Symbolic Communication: From the Intentional Gestures of Great Apes To Human Language -- 1. Introduction: animal signalling -- 2. Syntactical dimension and the external reference in animal communication -- 3. Natural chimpanzee communication -- 4. Apes and artificial symbolic language -- 5. Why do chimpanzees not use symbols in their natural communication? The emergence of human language -- 6. Philosophical conclusions -- Legal Metaphoric Artifacts.

1. Introduction -- 2. The ART formula -- 3. Legal institutions as immaterial artifacts -- 4. Kinds of legal artifacts -- 5. Institutional mimesis -- 6. Institutional mimesis as metaphoric conceptual blending -- 7. Final remarks -- Difficult Heredity: Cassirer and Hägerström on the Mythical Origin of Legal Concepts -- 1. Historical background -- 2. The concept of myth -- 3. Hägerström's naturalistic theory of legal concepts -- 4. Cassirer's symbolic transcendentalism -- 5. Law as symbolic form -- 6. Conclusions.

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