Applied physics in the 21st century / Raymond P. Valencia, editor.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

APPLIED PHYSICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: (HORIZONS IN WORLD PHYSICS, VOLUME 269) ; APPLIED PHYSICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: (HORIZONS IN WORLD PHYSICS, VOLUME 269) ; CONTENTS ; PREFACE ; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION IN NONLINEAR SYSTEM; Abstract ; I. Introduction ; II. General Form of Total Energy ; 2.1. Unitary Transformation; 2.2. Galilean Covariant Form of Total Energy ; 2.3. Exact Form of Total Energy in a One-Dimensional System ; 2.4. Calculation of Single Excitation Energy in Liquid Helium ; 2.5. Determination of Galilean Invariant Term in Energy Using Experimental Data.

III. Temperature Dependence of the Excitation Energy 3.1. Dressed Boson Distribution ; 3.1.1. Case of nTT ; 3.2. Integral Equation for Determining Dressed Boson Energy ; 3.2.1. Integral Equation; 3.2.2. Approximate Solution in the First Order ; 3.2.3. Approximate Solution in Higher Order ; IV. Calculation of Entropy ; 4.1. Evaluation using Iteration Method ; 4.2. Traditional Theories; 4.2.1. Landau Theory; 4.2.2. BCY Theory ; 4.2.3. BD Theory ; V. Specific Heat ; 5.1. Various Calculation Methods ; 5.1.1. Calculation of Specific Heat using Landau Theory.

5.1.2. Calculation of Specific Heat using BCY Theory 5.1.3. Calculation of Specific Heat Using BD Theory ; 5.2. Evaluation for T<2.15 Using the Iteration Method ; 5.3. Logarithmic Divergence of Specific Heat at the n Point ; 5.4. Dressed Boson Energy near the n Point ; 5.5. Origin of the Logarithmic Divergence in Specific Heat ; 5.6. Evaluation of Specific Heat in Nonlinear Theory near the n Point; VI. Bose-Einstein Condensate of Dressed Bosons ; 6.1. Number of Condensed Dressed Bosons near the n Point ; 6.2. Critical Index of Condensed Dressed Boson Number near the n Point.

6.3. No Friction against Macroscopic Body VII. n Transition and Phase Diagram ; 7.1. Transition Temperature of Bose-Einstein Condensation ; 7.2. n Transition Temperature in Landau Theory ; VIII. Two-Fluid Mechanism Caused by Nonlinear Energy Form ; 8.1. Determination of the Distribution Function of the Dressed Bosons ; 8.2. Explanation of Level Inversion ; 8.3. Various Values of Momentum at which Dressed Bosons Ccondense; 8.4. Iteration Method ; IX. Properties of the Solutions ; 9.1. Existence of the n Transition; 9.2. Superfluidity.

9.3. Coexistence of Two Interpenetrating Fluids (Why Are the Two Fluid-States so Stable?) 9.4. Zero Entropy of the Superfluid Component ; 9.5. Galilean Covariance of the Distribution Functions ; X. Contribution of Dressed Bosons in Several Phenomena ; 10.1. London's Relation in the Fountain Effect ; 10.2. Refraction and Reflection of the Dressed Boson Beam at a Gas-Liquid Boundary ; XI. Thermodynamic Functions ; XII. Discussion and Conclusions ; 12.1. Width of Elementary Excitation Energy.

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