Lecture notes on solution chemistry / Viktor Gutmann, Gerhard Resch.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

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Ch. 1. Development and present state. 1. The qualitative approach. 2. Advancement of quantitative considerations. 3. Reversible thermodynamics. 4. The ionic theory. 5. Chemical kinetics. 6. Non-aqueous solutions. 7. Solute structures. 8. Irreversible thermodynamics. 9. Modern calculation techniques. 10. Conclusions -- ch. 2. Atoms and molecules. 1. Early views. 2. Ether concept and atomism. 3. The field concept and the ether concept. 4. Quantum mechanics. 5. The concept of the vacuum field. 6. Observability and measurability of atoms and molecules -- ch. 3. Chemical bonding. 1. Introduction. 2. Stoichiometry. 3. The electrostatic approach. 4. Covalency. 5. Advances and limitations of quantum chemistry -- ch. 4. Interactions between molecules. 1. General. 2. Chemical functionality. 3. Variations in bond lengths. 4. Variations in bond angles. 5. Effects at terminal positions. 6. '''Intelligent behaviour'' -- ch. 5. The liquid state. 1. Macroscopic properties. 2. Molecular and structural properties. 3. Theoretical approaches. 4. Suggestions of ways by which liquids may be classified. 5. The molecular approach to liquid water. 6. Structural models for liquid water. 7. Unsolved problems -- ch. 6. Anomalous physical properties of liquid water. 1. General. 2. Anomalies in the normal liquid range. 3. Anomalies in the supercooled state. 4. Liquid water at high temperatures and pressures -- ch. 7. Some trivia about water. 1. General. 2. Water as a solvent. 3. Reactivity of water. 4. The hydrologic cycle -- ch. 8. The phase boundary of liquid water. 1. Introduction. 2. Surface tension. 3. Characterization of a phase boundary. 4. The electrical double layer. 5. Bond length considerations. 6. Water in thin layers. 7. Water effects in extremely thin layers. 8. Water at interfaces in biological systems -- ch. 9. Water in biological systems. 1. Amphipathic solutes. 2. Surfactants. 3. Micelles. 4. Phospholipid -- bilayers. 5. The role of membranes in the organism -- ch. 10. Hydrophobic solutes in water. 1. Solubility considerations. 2. Structural aspects. 3. Structures and properties of solutions. 4. Dynamic features.

Ch. 11. Hydrophilic solutes in water. 1. Hydrated ions in pure water. 2. Structure of hydrated hydrogen ions. 3. The donor -- acceptor approach to the hydration of ions. 4. Solution structures -- ch. 12. Water and alcohols. 1. Liquid alcohols. 2. Physical properties of water -- alcohol mixtures. 3. Physical and molecular properties -- ch. 13. Characterization of non-aqueous solvents. 1. Historical. 2. Solvent properties. 3. The donor -- acceptor approach. 4. Colour indicators for the estimation of donor- and acceptor properties -- ch. 14. Solvation in non-aqueous solvents. 1. Cation solvation -- 2. Anion solvation -- 3. Solvation in solvent mixtures -- ch. 15. lonization and association in non-aqueous solutions. 1. Ionization. 2. Formation of reactive anions. 3. Formation of reactive cations. 4. Ion association. 5. Less common aspects of non-aqueous solvents -- ch. 16. Qualitative aspects of the molecular concept. 1. Impact and limitations of the present molecular concept. 2. Quality and quantity. 3. Starting points for qualitative investigations. 4. Dynamically ordered relations. 5. System considerations. 6. Order and finality. 7. System organization. 8. Introduction of hierarchic levels -- ch. 17. System organization of liquid water. 1. General considerations. 2. The boundary areas as highest hierarchic level. 3. The decisive role of voids and of dissolved gases. 4. The role of hydrophilic solutes. 5. The role of all other solvent molecules. 6. Illustration of the system organization -- ch. 18. Changes in organization of liquid water. 1. Changes in the temperature range between 0°C and 100°C. 2. Supercooled water. 3. Water in thin layers. 4. Actions of hydrophilic solutes. 5. Electrode -- electrolyte interfaces. 6. Static aspects of the system organization -- ch. 19. Water within the human body. 1. The human organism. 2. Water and the unity of the body. 3. Water and information. 4. Water and the differentiation of the human body -- ch. 20. Organization in non-aqueous solutions. 1. Protic solvents and their solutions. 2. Aprotic solvents and their solutions. 3. Changes in organization -- ch. 21. Intramolecular system organizations. 1. Tris(phenantroline)-iron complexes. 2. Solvatochromic complexes. 3. Haemoglobin. 4. Water molecules.

This book emphasises those features in solution chemistry which are difficult to measure, but essential for the understanding of both the qualitative and the quantitative aspects. Attention is paid to the mutual influences between solute and solvent, even at extremely small concentrations of the former. The described extension of the molecular concept leads to a broad view - not by a change in paradigm - but by finding the rules for the organizations both at the molecular and the supermolecular level of liquid and solid solutions.

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