The interplay of variation and change in contact settings.

The Interplay of Variation and Change in Contact Settings; Editorial page; Title page; LCC page; Table of contents; Acknowledgements; Variation and change in contact settings; 1. Variation and the mechanisms of language change; 2. Types and outcomes of variation in multilingual settings; 3. The role of ongoing variation in contact-induced change; References; PART I. Types and outcomes of variationin multilingual settings; Syntactic variation and change; 1. Principles and methods of variationist sociolinguistics; 2. Applying sociolinguistic methods to the diffusion of change.

2.1 The realization of (ing) in English2.2 The realization of (ai) in East London teenagers; 2.3 The use of negative concord in Chicano English in Los Angeles; 2.4 Variationist statistics: Weighting different factors or constraints; 2.5 Social factors and syntactic variables; 3. Bridging sociolinguistics and language contact; 3.1 Choosing a substrate; 3.2 Sampling and coding of the Bislama and Tamambo corpora; 3.3 Examples of the variables; 4. Results: Animacy in Tamambo and Bislama; 4.1 Subjects in Tamambo; 4.2 Interpreting weightings; 4.3 Objects in Tamambo; 4.4 Subjects in Bislama.

4.5 Objects in Bislama4.6 Summary of constraints: Transformation under transfer; 5. Conclusion: Strengthening connections between sociolinguistics and language contact; References; Advancing the change?; 1. Introduction; 2. Languages in contact dynamics over time and space; 3. Research design and methodological approach; 4. The variable; 5. Results; 5.1 Rewind a century: Real-time analysis of nineteenth- and twentieth-century French; 5.2 Fast forward again: The linguistic repertoire of Anglophones in Montreal at the end of the twentieth century; 5.2.1 Anglo-montrealer French.

5.2.2 Anglo-montrealer English5.2.3 Advancing the change?; 6. Conclusion; References; Morphosyntactic contact-induced language change among young speakersof Estonian Russian; 1. Introduction; 2. Data collection, participants, and methodology; 3. Convergence; 4. The grammatical approach to CS; 5. CS, lexical borrowings, and mixed constructions; 6. Morphosyntactic patterns of Russian-Estonian CS; 6.1 Word order and government in non-monolingual genitive constructions; 6.2 Infinitives in mixed constructions (verb + infinitive); 7. Discussion and conclusions; References.

Intermingling speech groups1. Introduction; 2. The research design; 2.1 The research area; 2.2 The historical setting; 2.3 The social setting; 2.3.1 Samo idiosyncrasies; 2.3.2 Pana idiosyncrasies; 2.4 Methods and data; 2.5 Working hypotheses; 3. Genealogical and typological fingerprints; 3.1 Typological properties of Gur languages and internal classification; 3.2 Pana; 3.3 Typological properties of Mande languages and internal classification; 3.4 Northern Samo; 4. Contact-induced morpho-syntactic changes; 4.1 Nominal class markers (Pana); 4.2 Determiners and demonstratives (Samo).

4.3 WH-elements (Samo).

In Pomak (Greece), we attest to the loss of a morphologically overt expression of mediate information, passing through a stage of variation (determined by syntactic, semantic, and discursive criteria). This change takes place in a trilingual setting where the main contact language (Greek) has no grammaticalized form to express mediate information, while the second contact language (Turkish), has a verbal past paradigm specialized for evidentiality. This phenomenon is analyzed within a multiple causation approach in which language contact acts as a catalyst.

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Includes bibliographical references and index.

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