Drinking Water Quality and Human Health
Villanueva Belmonte, Cristina
Drinking Water Quality and Human Health - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2019 - 1 electronic resource (374 p.)
Open Access
The quality of drinking water is paramount for public health. Despite important improvements in the last decades, access to safe drinking water is not universal. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 10% of the population in the world do not have access to improved drinking water sources. Among other diseases, waterborne infections cause diarrhea, which kills nearly one million people every year, mostly children under 5 years of age. On the other hand, chemical pollution is a concern in high-income countries and an increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries. Exposure to chemicals in drinking water may lead to a range of chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease), adverse reproductive outcomes, and effects on children's health (e.g., neurodevelopment), among other health effects. Although drinking water quality is regulated and monitored in many countries, increasing knowledge leads to the need for reviewing standards and guidelines on a nearly permanent basis, both for regulated and newly identified contaminants. Drinking water standards are mostly based on animal toxicity data, and more robust epidemiologic studies with accurate exposure assessment are needed. The current risk assessment paradigm dealing mostly with one-by-one chemicals dismisses the potential synergisms or interactions from exposures to mixtures of contaminants, particularly at the low-exposure range. Thus, evidence is needed on exposure and health effects of mixtures of contaminants in drinking water. Finally, water stress and water quality problems are expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change and increasing water demand by population growth, and new evidence is needed to design appropriate adaptation policies.This Special Issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on the links between drinking water quality and human health.
Creative Commons
English
books978-3-03897-727-8 9783038977261
10.3390/books978-3-03897-727-8 doi
risk assessment time series study risk context ammonia fluoride exposure assessment water safety plan HWTS implementation human health simulation study drinking water guidance chlorination by-product adverse reproductive outcomes spatial variations THMs zinc radioactivity thyroid disease risk management infants water contamination infant health small for gestational age drinking water quality methemoglobinemia magnesium monitoring effect measure modification nitrite health-based guideline environmental exposure organic matter Maryland tap water impact assessment turbidity chronic kidney disease fever diarrhoeal disease rural water resources drinking water acute gastroenteritis Nigeria E. coli pharmacokinetic modeling chemical risk assessment uncertainty factors community water system groundwater dental health inorganic manganese atrazine duration extrapolation health insurance data space-time detection seasonality fecal coliforms water safety plans preterm birth dissolved oxygen gravity-fed piped water scheme urban area cough water operation data screening method endogenous nitrosation infant exposure sanitary inspection waterborne disease outbreak N-nitroso compounds end-stage renal disease arsenic diarrhea sodium private wells animal feeding operation endocrine disruptor Vibrio pathogens LTD disinfection by-product chemical oxygen demand potassium biomonitoring nitrate annual effective dose sub-Saharan Africa France carcinogenic public health enterococci calcium water and sanitation pharmaceuticals environment drinking water distribution systems water contaminants Asia-Pacific region Denmark trihalomethanes risk cancer low birth weight drug labels
Drinking Water Quality and Human Health - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2019 - 1 electronic resource (374 p.)
Open Access
The quality of drinking water is paramount for public health. Despite important improvements in the last decades, access to safe drinking water is not universal. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 10% of the population in the world do not have access to improved drinking water sources. Among other diseases, waterborne infections cause diarrhea, which kills nearly one million people every year, mostly children under 5 years of age. On the other hand, chemical pollution is a concern in high-income countries and an increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries. Exposure to chemicals in drinking water may lead to a range of chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease), adverse reproductive outcomes, and effects on children's health (e.g., neurodevelopment), among other health effects. Although drinking water quality is regulated and monitored in many countries, increasing knowledge leads to the need for reviewing standards and guidelines on a nearly permanent basis, both for regulated and newly identified contaminants. Drinking water standards are mostly based on animal toxicity data, and more robust epidemiologic studies with accurate exposure assessment are needed. The current risk assessment paradigm dealing mostly with one-by-one chemicals dismisses the potential synergisms or interactions from exposures to mixtures of contaminants, particularly at the low-exposure range. Thus, evidence is needed on exposure and health effects of mixtures of contaminants in drinking water. Finally, water stress and water quality problems are expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change and increasing water demand by population growth, and new evidence is needed to design appropriate adaptation policies.This Special Issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on the links between drinking water quality and human health.
Creative Commons
English
books978-3-03897-727-8 9783038977261
10.3390/books978-3-03897-727-8 doi
risk assessment time series study risk context ammonia fluoride exposure assessment water safety plan HWTS implementation human health simulation study drinking water guidance chlorination by-product adverse reproductive outcomes spatial variations THMs zinc radioactivity thyroid disease risk management infants water contamination infant health small for gestational age drinking water quality methemoglobinemia magnesium monitoring effect measure modification nitrite health-based guideline environmental exposure organic matter Maryland tap water impact assessment turbidity chronic kidney disease fever diarrhoeal disease rural water resources drinking water acute gastroenteritis Nigeria E. coli pharmacokinetic modeling chemical risk assessment uncertainty factors community water system groundwater dental health inorganic manganese atrazine duration extrapolation health insurance data space-time detection seasonality fecal coliforms water safety plans preterm birth dissolved oxygen gravity-fed piped water scheme urban area cough water operation data screening method endogenous nitrosation infant exposure sanitary inspection waterborne disease outbreak N-nitroso compounds end-stage renal disease arsenic diarrhea sodium private wells animal feeding operation endocrine disruptor Vibrio pathogens LTD disinfection by-product chemical oxygen demand potassium biomonitoring nitrate annual effective dose sub-Saharan Africa France carcinogenic public health enterococci calcium water and sanitation pharmaceuticals environment drinking water distribution systems water contaminants Asia-Pacific region Denmark trihalomethanes risk cancer low birth weight drug labels