Cocoa, Chocolate and Human Health
Ellinger, Sabine
Cocoa, Chocolate and Human Health - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020 - 1 electronic resource (288 p.)
Open Access
This book entitled "Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health" presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.
Creative Commons
English
books978-3-03928-589-1 9783039285884 9783039285891
10.3390/books978-3-03928-589-1 doi
n/a lipids theobromine colonic bacteria ?-glucosidase inhibition cacao tinnitus antioxidant capacity metabolomics methylxanthines lipid status physical exercise skeletal muscle functional volatile compounds soluble cocoa products blood pressure flavanols functional food classification monitoring cocoa yeast quality flavanols bioavailability fermentation cocoa processing hearing loss Italian chocolate chocolate (?)-catechin extraction and characterization methods heath potentials CREB inflammation flavanol-rich cocoa behavior (?)-epicatechin BDNF plasma appearance flavan-3-ol stereoisomers fermentation-related enzymes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity type 2 diabetes CaMKII exercise performance anti-inflammatory properties (+)-catechin bioactive compounds chiral separation plasma oxidative stress antidiabetic capacity polyphenols oligopeptides urine protein-phenol interactions postprandial working memory procyanidins simulated gastrointestinal digestion cocoa-based ingredients one-compartment model cocoa beans athlete biomarkers polyphenol metabolic syndrome nutrition bioavailability roasting glucose metabolism cohort study plasma nutrikinetics pharmacokinetics human cocoa proteins metabolites cocoa by-product meal bioactive peptides performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) starter culture
Cocoa, Chocolate and Human Health - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020 - 1 electronic resource (288 p.)
Open Access
This book entitled "Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health" presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.
Creative Commons
English
books978-3-03928-589-1 9783039285884 9783039285891
10.3390/books978-3-03928-589-1 doi
n/a lipids theobromine colonic bacteria ?-glucosidase inhibition cacao tinnitus antioxidant capacity metabolomics methylxanthines lipid status physical exercise skeletal muscle functional volatile compounds soluble cocoa products blood pressure flavanols functional food classification monitoring cocoa yeast quality flavanols bioavailability fermentation cocoa processing hearing loss Italian chocolate chocolate (?)-catechin extraction and characterization methods heath potentials CREB inflammation flavanol-rich cocoa behavior (?)-epicatechin BDNF plasma appearance flavan-3-ol stereoisomers fermentation-related enzymes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity type 2 diabetes CaMKII exercise performance anti-inflammatory properties (+)-catechin bioactive compounds chiral separation plasma oxidative stress antidiabetic capacity polyphenols oligopeptides urine protein-phenol interactions postprandial working memory procyanidins simulated gastrointestinal digestion cocoa-based ingredients one-compartment model cocoa beans athlete biomarkers polyphenol metabolic syndrome nutrition bioavailability roasting glucose metabolism cohort study plasma nutrikinetics pharmacokinetics human cocoa proteins metabolites cocoa by-product meal bioactive peptides performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) starter culture