Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas / Roberto A. Valdeón.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Print version record.

Translation and the Spanish Empire in the Americas; Editorial page; Title page; LCC data; Table of contents; Preface; 1. Language, translation and empire; 1.1 Of empires, national rivalries and languages; 1.1.1 The Black Legend; 1.1.2 The Spanish struggle for justice; 1.2 The benevolent conquest: Different and yet similar; 1.2.1 Untranslated images of colonial violence; 1.3 The narrative of the Indian as a good savage; 1.4 The narrative of the Indians as a unified group; 1.5 The role of religion in the conquest: Different and yet similar; 1.5.1 Religious fanaticism: Similar and yet different.

1.6 Conquest and language1.7 The survival of anti-Spanish propaganda; 2. Conquerors and translators; 2.1 The first Europeans and the first interpreters; 2.1.1 Translation as violence; 2.1.2 Translation and resistance; 2.1.3 The many names of the linguistic intermediary; 2.2 The Requerimiento; 2.3.1 Doña Marina/Malinche and the conquest of Mexico; 2.3 Conquerors and interpreters in Mesoamerica; 2.3.2 Interpreting the meeting between Cortés and Moctezuma; 2.4 Pizarro and the conquest of Peru; 2.4.1 The encounter between Atahualpa and the Spanish; 2.4.2 Felipillo's reputation as an interpreter.

2.5 The salary of the interpreters2.5.1 In Mesoamerica; 2.5.2 In the Andes; 3. Translation and the administration of the colonies; 3.1 The teaching of Spanish and of the lenguas generales; 3.1.1 Alphabetic writing; 3.1.2 The teaching and learning of the lenguas generales; 3.1.3 The universities; 3.2 Translation in the early colonial period; 3.3 The status of the interpreters: Legal, economic and ethical issues; 3.4 Translators in the judicial system; 3.5 The use of native languages in official documents; 3.6 The relaciones; 3.6.1 The role of interpreter Gaspar Antonio Chi in Mesoamerica.

3.6.2 The visitas of the Andes3.7 The use of translation during Francisco de Toledo's rule as viceroy of Peru; 3.7.1 Francisco de Toledo's visitas; 3.7.2 Translation as violence; 3.8 Translating the khipus; 3.9 Linguistic mediation: From accommodation to resistance; 4. Evangelizing the natives; 4.1 The arrival of European conquerors: Gold as God; 4.2 The Inter Caetera bulls and the beginning of evangelization; 4.3 Language and evangelization: The challenges of translation; 4.4 The myth of the Spaniards as gods as a translation problem; 4.5 The challenges of translation and communication.

4.5.1 Memorization and other local practices as conversion techniques4.6 The translation policies of the Catholic Church in the metropolis and beyond; 4.6.1 Opposition to translation; 4.7 Translation and evangelization in Mesoamerica; 4.7.1 The teaching of Spanish; 4.7.2 The learning of local languages; 4.7.3 The impact of the regional councils upon language and translation policies; 4.7.4 The impact of translation upon the normativization of Nahuatl; 4.8 Translation and evangelization in the Andean region; 4.8.1 The Lima councils; 4.8.2 The standarization of native languages.

Two are the starting points of this book. On the one hand, the use of Doña Marina/La Malinche as a symbol of the violation of the Americas by the Spanish conquerors as well as a metaphor of her treason to the Mexican people. On the other, the role of the translations of Bartolomé de las Casas's Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias in the creation and expansion of the Spanish Black Legend. The author aims to go beyond them by considering the role of translators and interpreters during the early colonial period in Spanish America and by looking at the translations of the Spanish ch.

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