Hindu nationalist movement in India

Book based on first part of author's Ph. D. thesis, written 1987-1991 at Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 569-575) and index.

1. Stigmatising and Emulating 'Threatening Others' - The Formation of Hindu Nationalism -- 2. The Strategy of Ethno-Religious Mobilisation and the Politics of Secularism -- 3. A Specific Party-Building Strategy: The Jana Sangh and the RSS Network -- 4. Towards Strategies of Moderation? -- 5. The Mixed Strategy: Hindu Mobilisation and Electoral Alliances -- 6. Local Cadres and Populism -- 7. The Hindu Nationalists in the 'J.P. Movement' -- 8. The Impossible Assimilation -- 9. The Contradictions of the B.J.P. and the Erosion of Secularism -- 10. The Hindu Sense of Vulnerability and The R.S.S.'s Political Offensive -- 11. The Making of a Hindu Vote? -- 12. Making a Bid for Power: The Scope and Limitations of the Hindu Mobilisation -- 13. The Paradox of the Ramjanmabhoomi Movement -- 14. The B.J.P. Held in Check in the Hindi Belt -- App. A. Victims of Hindu-Muslim riots, 1986-90 (map) -- App. B. Hindu-Muslim riots in India and resulting victims, 1954-93 --

App. C. The same information as in B. in graphic form -- App. D. Performance of the Jana Sangh and the BJP in Vidhan Sabha elections, 1952 to 1991 -- App. E. Performance of the Jana Sangh and the BJP in Lok Sabha elections, 1952 to 1993-5 -- App. F. Notables and activists among Madhya Pradesh BJS and BJP MLAs by region, 1957-90 -- App. G. Occupations of Madhya Pradesh BJS and BJP MLAs, 1957-90 -- App. H. Caste- and community-based distribution of Jana Sangh and BJP MLAs in Madhya Pradesh, 1952-93 -- App. J. Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha election results, 1952-93 (9 maps).

Although the peaceful, inward-looking doctrine of the Hindu religion hardly seems to lend itself to ethnic nationalism, a phenomenal surge of militant Hinduism has taken place over the last ten years in India, precipitating a wave of Hindu-Muslim riots in India in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Indeed, the electoral success of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has proven beyond a doubt that these fundamentalists now pose a significant threat to India's secular government.

In a historically rich, detailed account of the Hindu nationalist movement in India since the 1920s, Christophe Jaffrelot explores how rapid changes in the political, social, and economic climate have made India fertile soil for the growth of the primary arm of Hindu nationalism, a paramilitary-style group known as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), together with its political offshoots.

Jaffrelot argues that political uneasiness, created by real and imagined threats of colonialism and the presence of minority groups, paved the way for militant Hinduism on the Indian subcontinent. He shows how the Hindu movement uses religion to enter the political sphere, and argues that the ideology they speak for has less to do with Hindu philosophy than with ethnic nationalism, borrowing from modern European models.

Using techniques similar to those of nationalist groups in other nations, Jaffrelot contends, the Hindu movement polarizes Indian society by stigmatizing minorities - chiefly Muslims and Christians - and by promoting a sectarian Hindu identity.

Jaffrelot's close empirical research informs his case studies of party-building at the local level and strengthens his incisive interpretations of the past failures and Hindu nationalism, as well as recent successes beginning in the 1980s. This analysis takes into account the subtle interaction between long-term strategies for changing a country's culture and short-term tactics of political accommodation.