International crimes and the ad hoc tribunals

Includes bibliographical references (p. [369]-382) and index.

General remarks : the creation and jurisdiction of the ad hoc tribunals -- Subject-matter jurisdiction and applicable law : customary international law and treaty law? -- Identifying customary international law and the role of judges in the customary process -- Binding precedents and internal jurisprudential hierarchy -- War crimes in the statutes of the ad hoc tribunals -- Chapeau elements of war crimes -- Grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions -- Other serious violations of the laws or customs of war : underlying offences -- War crimes in internal armed conflicts -- Crimes against humanity in the statutes of the ad hoc tribunals -- Chapeau elements of crimes against humanity -- Underlying offences -- Genocide and international criminal tribunals -- General or chapeau elements of genocide -- Underlying offences -- Genocide and other forms of criminal involvement -- General remarks on participation -- Jurisdiction ratione personae and applicable law -- The person of the perpetrator : who can commit an international crime? -- Article 7(1) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(1) of the ICTR Statute : 'direct' participation -- Article 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Article 6(3) of the ICTR Statute : command or superior responsibility -- Convictions under Articles 7(1) and 7(3) of the ICTY Statute and Articles 6(1) and 6(3) of the ICTR Statute -- Cumulative charging and cumulative convictions -- War crimes and crimes against humanity -- War crimes and genocide -- Genocide and crimes against humanity -- Applicable law and purposes of sentencing -- Relevant factors in sentencing -- Other available penalty : return of property -- Enforcement of sentences -- Concluding remarks.